Heavy Metal Accumulation and Nutrient Composition in Erpetoichthys calabaricus: Environmental and Human Health Implications

Background and Objective: Despite the ecological and economic significance of Erpetoichthys calabaricus in West Africa, limited research has been conducted on its nutritional value and potential as a bioindicator of heavy metal pollution. Additionally, human activities and environmental degradation threaten its habitats, yet its ecological role remains poorly understood. This study investigated the heavy metal content and proximate composition of Erpetoichthys calabaricus from the Iba-Oku Stream in Southeastern Nigeria, evaluating potential ecological and human health risks. Materials and Methods: Samples were collected and analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) to determine metal concentrations and standard methods for nutritional profile. The proximate composition analysis included moisture, protein, fat, and ash content, providing insight into the nutritional value of the fish. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA (p≤0.05) and Duncan’s multiple range test, with IBM SPSS version 20. Results: The findings revealed that Ni levels exceeded those reported in comparable studies, with mean concentrations ranging from 1.123 to 3.450 mg/kg, while the concentrations of other heavy metals fell within the ranges observed in similar studies. The proximate composition indicated high protein, lipid, and moisture content, aligning with the nutritional profile of freshwater fish but raising concerns about metal toxicity. Conclusion: These findings highlight potential health risks associated with consuming E. calabaricus due to elevated heavy metal levels, emphasizing the need for regular monitoring of heavy metals in aquatic ecosystems, particularly in regions impacted by industrial and agricultural runoff. It advocates for stringent regulatory measures to mitigate metal contamination in water bodies and ensure the safety of fish for human consumption.